Islamic Political Thought Essay

The division of spiritual and temporal in Christianity has taken a long time to be enacted into the semipolitical theory of the western mind. There is a long history of church rule behind todays secular political thinking. Which recognizes religion as of no substance in the eye of the province. They have taken the sovereignty from God and put it into the hands of the people. In doing so they have declared collective human moral sense as their guide and have rejected all sorts of scriptures of divine nature. This is leading these societies to moral ruin.Approval of homosexuality as a legal put on by the legislatures of some western countries is an indication of the moral collapse that awaits them. Although Islam has no division of spirit and mundane but still does not support theocracy or any former(a) form of autocratic rule. It has taken a middle course, which can best be explained by the word autonomous. Giving the absolute function and responsibility of guidance in the hand s of God, Islam lets the, Muslims to solve unlimited sovereignty within the limits of Quran and Sunnah. Introduction This topic seemingly look very primary and the one which can have a straightforward answer.But actually it required a great insight into the historical and the political perspective of Muslim world at large. This proposition can be tackled at a number of levels. One system of addressing this question could be to go to the theological injunctions, that is, to solicit from Quran and Hadith. The second approach could be of gibe into the history and bringing taboo the relevant ex enormouss. There is yet another way of going finished this riddle and that is to examine the evolution of political ideology in the world of Islam and comparing it with the political evolution of the other nations or rest of the world.We may accept any of the above methodology. But in order to get a better view of things and comprehensive answer to this question. We analyze it at all the tierce above-mentioned levels. This will certainly render us a better understanding of not only this question but also of many other aspects of related political problems confronting the modern Muslim societies. Before beginning with our discussion it is useful that we first determine what sovereignty is? Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary describes sovereignty as the highest power or fully independent and self-governing.Similarly Websters dictionary gives the following meanings to this word supreme leader or the one who exercise way in a limited sphere. Quranic Interpretation As for as simplest mind, which goes through the Quranic text, it cannot ignore the fact that the God, that is Allah, is omnipotent, all powerful and all governing. This is the first and the suffer impression, which Quran leaves on any mind, no matter how naive it may be. Contrary to many doctrines, Quran declares Allah to be the sole authority on every(prenominal) thing that is present not only in this w orld but the whole of the universe. Many Quranic verses can be quoted in this context. Blessed is the Lord who holds rig over all and is Omnipotent. (Al-mulk) And again Exalted is the One who controls every thing and to Him you shall resurrect. (Ya-seen)This makes very cleat that every thing lies with Allah. It flows from thence unto His creatures. Same is the case with authority and sovereignty. Allah has send man on this earth as his vicegerent. Allah has given man sovereignty to reign on this world. As Quran says, (remember) When your Lord said to angels that thence I shall appoint a vicegerent on Earth. (Al-baqarah) Thus, man rules earth on the behalf of his Lord.Therefore he can exercise sovereignty with in certain limits, confident(p) by Allah. Once established that sovereignty is a reign were man has been given access. We bring out out whether men have been given some well(p) to make decisions for themselves or not. Is a principle selected by Allah and oblige on men or they are encouraged to exercise their sovereign right by some collective means? outright this is an arguable question. Some section may say that a king or some sort of ruler, imposed on the society by one way or the other, has the right to exercise the sovereignty that Allah has bestowed upon men.And we also find such a precedent in the Quran, from the story of Talloot and Jalloot in sura al-baqarah we come to spot that kings were imposed on men without their will and consultation, what so ever. One may cite this example from the blessed book to give weight to his argument. But one thing must be kept in minds of the people that it was the practice of Allah for the people of Israel, usually referred to as Banu-Isreal in the Quran.Who were in a stage of evolution that was to culminate at the advent of the last visionary Muhammad (P.B. U. H)? For us i. e. the ummah of the last prophet, this rule has changed. And the new scheme under which the sovereignty has to be exercised i s given in the following verse And they conduct their affairs with mutual consultation. (Shura) Thus we see that Quran encourages its followers to draw a scheme of exercising their sovereignty over themselves by a way, which hinges itself over some system of broader consultation. Of the two views, latter is the one, which seems to be accurate and enveloping(prenominal) to the rationale thinking.From the above discussion, we have reached a conclusion that Quran does recognize the sovereignty of Muslim citizen in an Islamic state and they have to device such a methodology or system, which makes it convenient for them to achieve broader consultation. Quran, similarly, rejects a single persons claim to sovereignty and authority. Who so ever becomes a ruler of a muslim state must take the views of the society while making decisions? Now the Quran does not let loose Muslims after tolerant them right to sovereignty. There are a number of responsibilities that the Quran puts on their sh oulders.And Quran, in its own brief but effective manner, puts them as Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. Guidance from Sunnah Sunnah i. e. prophets heart and actions is the biggest etymon after the Holy (Quran). There fore, we refer our self to this source. As the Quran says, Consult Allah and the Prophet in a matter of discord. At another determine it is mentioned Surely there is the best guidance for you in the life of the prophet. We see that the early part of the Prophet hood of Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) does not give us any clue of the relation of citizens and state. It is only the latter part of his Prophet hood i. e. Medina period, in which he established a city state that we find some form or structure of a government. Now we can have any debate on the question of citizens sovereignty in the eye of Islam basing our investigations on this period of Prophet Muhamm ad (P. B. U. H)s life. It has become convenient, for at the very beginning of Medina period there is a record of a political agreement between all the cross-sections of population of Medina.This political document in itself, otherwise, is a very important and valuable document. It gives an insight into the political situation of the Muslims in position and Medina and its surrounding in general. Coming back to the question we are confronted with. We investigate this document to find if it sheds any light on this particular question. The first clause, which defines the parties to the treaty, adequately addresses the sovereignty of the citizens. 1. This is the treaty between the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H), Aus and Khazraj (the helpers) and Jews of Medina and its surroundings. .Above-mentioned parties would be one group for the defense of Medina. 3. Every body is independent to practice ones religion. 4. Disputes among Jews would be settled according to their laws. It was an unprece dented treaty in respect of its very liberal approach towards communities of other religions. The point, which is very important for our thesis, is that everybody in Medina was inured as an equal party in this treaty. This was going to be the future constitution of that state for the rest of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H).Although the Jews broke this accord and had to contain its price. We do not talk about Jews as is mentioned above that they were left to their own laws. But the Divine laws governed Muslims. Which were revealed to the Prophet (P. B. U. H. ) from time to time. Thus we see that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) in that state was the sole source of legislation. All the laws came from him. Many people misunderstand this phenomenon and they equate this authority of making laws by the Prophet Muhammad (P. BU. H) (that were revealed) as a precedent for authoritarian government by a single man.No, this approach is essentially flawed and contrary to the practic e of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). If we examine his political life and circumstances prevalent at that time more carefully and keenly. Then we get to a conclusion rather different from the misunderstanding that has been indicated above. As we know that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to a people who were totally ignorant, had never experienced any form of collective government and, therefore did not have laws and legislations. set ahead more, Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)s, messaged was meant for all times to come.Thus Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to such a neighborhood where he could construct a model beginning from kale and having no influence of any previous system whatsoever. Now it was Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) job to introduce to them a system of laws and governance based on the divine guidance, and through them he was to demonstrate it to all people for all times to come. Laws were of course revealed and Muslims had and have to obey them as such. But when it comes to governance, we have ample examples to quote Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) mostly used the method of consultation.And this is what the message is that after the discontinuation of revelation, Muslims have to run their affairs in the light of revealed guidance by mutual consultation. To quote few examples from Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) life, in order to support the notion that citizens of an Islamic state do have some rights to exercise sovereignty over themselves, we refer to the following instances from the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) life 1. As mentioned previously, in the very beginning of political history of the state of Medina general world i. e. Muslims were do an equal part in the matters of the governance.Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) did not make himself the sole set upative of the whole Muslim community. 2. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) appointed twelve representatives (Naqeebs) among the Ansar to represent them. 3. Before the battle of Badr Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) consulted Muhajreen as well as Ansar. 4. In the battlefield of Badr, the camping place of the army was selected on the advice of Habbad-bin-Munzir. 5. At the time of Uhad , Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) own opinion was to fight within the city but the general opinion was to fight outside the city, and that was followed. 6.In the battle of Ahzaab, the strategy of digging a trench for the defense of Medina was again an idea presented by Salman. 7. The method of calling the faithful to the prayer was again a matter sort out by mutual consultation. Hence at end of this chapter we conclude that Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) life adequately provides us the evidence that in an Islamic state the power to rule and govern lies with the citizens and not with a single person or family or some creed. Rather it is the right of the people to govern themselves as they please, but of course not violating the Quranic limits set upon them.Those to whom we give power, m ust establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. Islamic History and Muslim Scholars We have come out of an academic discussion. Now we shall be analyzing historical events and political realities. As we enter into a new soma of discussion. It will be very useful that we revise and redefine the question we are confronted with. So when we ask this that are people sovereign in Islam? What do we actually mean to imply? What are the other questions, which confront us when we say, yes people are sovereign?Having proved that sole source of power and energy is the Allah Almighty do we mean to say, that Allah and His angels are physically involved in the governance of a state? Of course not, is the obvious answer. It is the men themselves who shall be pose for any type of government. After placing theoretically all powers in Allah, when sovereignty is given to citizens it means following things. 1. Any government that is for med will be only due to the consensus of the majority of people. 2. Whenever there is some decision to be made, again it will be referred to people.Whatever a government or the rulers do is accountable to public. 4. As the government or state has functional powers, thus checks and balances on it to safeguard people against any sort of tyranny or exploitation. Now we shall examine different types of governments in Islamic history on the basis of these above points. To begin with, we first analyze first four guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (R. A) was made caliphs and presented him in front of public. His first address is very suitable example. It encompasses almost all the above four points. He said O people I have been made caliph against my will.