Effect of Incentives on Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effect of Incentives on Employees - seek ExampleThe concepts of recognition and reward ca-ca been found to have close link with incentives. The main mark of incentives is to increase the motivation of the employees in any organization towards turn overment of their specific organizational and death penalty goals. It withal overtakes to increased motivation to work as a team towards the attainment of a common goal of the members in an organization. In simple words, incentives atomic number 18 rewards and recognition given to an employee beyond their expected salary. (Incentives Get Employees Working)The about common form of incentive is any kind of monetary reward to the employee. Several other kinds of incentives accommodate a free trip, promotion on trail basis, a free holiday, gifts, discount coupons and vouchers. However, these are not the only form of incentives and there are many more, which differ according to the demand of the situation. (Incentives Get Employees Wo rking)Incentives are given to increase the motivation of the employees. Since money has a considerable effect on the increase in the levels of motivation, money is considered to be a great incentive in most, if not all the organizations. There have been a number of studies that have proven that incentives in the form of cash prize have been self-made in obtaining the desired outcome from the employees. Not only money, but several other incentives have as well proven to be effective. However, its not in all the cases that incentives such as money, will defiantly lead to the desired outcome or attainment of organizational goals. Not all the incentives lead to joy in the employees. There are several reasons for this, the depression being disappearance of intrinsic or intangible incentives, followed by hierarchy of needs and saturation level.Absence of Intrinsic/Extrinsic IncentiveWhen behaviour is followed with the greed in mind solely for extrinsic rewards, then the performance de creases. For instance, a doctor who did his job because he want helping people, now does it with only one purpose of gaining more money, would charge more and work less. This reduces his performance however his extrinsic incentive has risen. This equally applies to employees as well. In some cases, also if the employee gains more satisfaction by intrinsic rewards, then extrinsic incentives will not lead to increased motivation and frailty versa. (Management Implications of the Interaction between Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards)Hierarchy of NeedsAccording to Abraham Maslows theory of motivation, either individual has needs that are set in levels of hierarchy. When the first level is achieved, the individual moves on to the twinkling level of his needs. However, while he is struggling to achieve his second level of need, if the individual is given the first level of need, it doesnt motivate the individual at all. When applying this to any organization, incentives could at times cause dissatisfaction in the employee lead to decrease in performance. For instance, if an individuals current need is to buy a car and he puts all his efforts to attain the goals of the organization

Individual Rights and Social Order Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Individual Rights and Social Order - Assignment ExampleAdditionally, it was necessary to safeguard the boilersuit well-being of the community. The Commission also observed that in fulfilling this function, a system of justice tends to possess a divided role. Some of the roles were certain prevention of activities and the apprehension and formal processing of individuals, who have committed banned acts in the society. According to Beames and Stonehouse (2007), a good society is one that nurtures both social values and the propers of an individual. A significant facet of good societies is that they find a healthy tension between individual necessitate and the needs of a group. Social order lies at the opposite end of the spectrum from individualism. Social conservatives are more than interested in reinforcing the honorable order. They prefer legislation use, rather than relying on normative means of impacting the bearing of an individual, to promote the values they hold. Examples of normative means that can influence individual behavior include leadership, moral voices within the society and education.Individual rights is the act of seeking to protect the soulfulnessal exemptions of an individual within the outlaw justice system, while social order is whereby the societys interest take precedence over the rights of an individual. Numerous laws and canon have been put into place to balance the two sides throughout the American history. People are guaranteed the right to free assembly and free speech. However, those rights guaranteed by the Constitution may be limited when those actions harm others. For instance, when the actions of a citizen become violent, the authorities have a duty to halt the violence ant to shield the society. Governments considered to be democratic promote the freedom value but must also place limits on the freedom of an individual. Actions that might cause harm or alarm are forbidden for the common good. For instance, a person has the freedom of speech,

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

lead - Essay ExampleMore over, a successful leader and consequent lead are attri buted to heavy(a) judgement.The aspect of judgement is fundamental since it depicts the strength and weaknesses of a leader and leadership. Essentially, judgement is effortlessly used to destine and gauge the leaders (Huges, et al, 26). Wise and well-informed leaders are known by the extent of light applied in making judgements. This study attributes that, effective leaders force out be born, and other can be natured as long as they reflect and practice the fundamental of leadership. For instance, the Action-Observation Reflection (AOR) model explains that acquired leadership is attributable to three aspects, which include action, observation and reflection.A leader expresses the actions extended towards certain situation, the observation do and interpretation of the impacts on other people, and personal reflection on the situation (Huges, et al, 26). Personal reflection or evaluation includes les ions learnt, personal view on doing something in a better way and feeling round the situation at hand and the overall application of experience in implementing a new idea. In summary effective leadership is rooted on the listed pillars.Effective leadership has attracted numerous look intoers who have researched on various methodologies and have come up with diverse opinions. These opinions might be either acceptable or unacceptable meaning of an effective leader and consequent leadership. Fundamentally, numerous subjects or topics of study or research do not have one dimension of thinking. This is similar to leadership. It is relatively easy to reconcile the diverse opinion on the effective leadership than resolve the disparities. In essence, lack of congruence of among leadership researchers is irresolvable but reconcilable (Huges, et al, 76). The diverse perceptions and opinions on effective leadership can be reconciled by examining the universal character traits an effective l eader either

Ethnography. People are Attending Religious Services on Sunday Research Paper

Ethnography. People are Attending Religious Services on Sunday - Research radical ExampleThe main purpose behind conducting a comprehensive research on this topic includes the exploring the superior general views and opinions of the church attendants about their religious belief and its impact on their social, professional and domestic life. The study is in addition interested in finding out the peoples level of satisfaction regarding the religious serve being offered at modern churches. The paper also throws light on the reasons behind the considerable accrue in the number of the people attendance the religious services in the churches of London city. The research leave behind be conducted in Kensington and Chelsea districts of London city, over 58% population of which consists of the followers of various Christian sects. dissertation Statement It is a univers on the wholey accepted notion that performing of religious obligations and praying to deity en masse serves as a sou rce of mental relief and spiritual uplift for humans. Somehow, the trends of collective prayers are in decline during the contemporary era. Peoples engagement in financial activities, absence of encouragement from the elders, and return of various foreign ethno-racial and religious groups have decreased the peoples interest in attending religious services at the church (Barnes & Lowry, 2006, p.1). ... In that context, the term is most closely related to arrogance trusting god and Gods promises. In this sense, faith is more of an attitude than a declare of belief or knowledge. (Lacewing, 2006, p.1) By looking into the available statistics on faiths and religions, it becomes crystal clear that there inhabit hundreds of belief systems, (Trimarco, 2005, p.1), the followers of which make over six billion in number. Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Jainism, Hinduism and others are among the most sovereign faiths of the world while Christianity is the most popular whiz in respect of t he number of followers at global perspective. History shows that the apostles and saints underwent severe trials for the projection and promotion of Christianity it is therefore the religion witnessed unabated growth all over the globe. Somehow, the followers of Christianity are stated to be observing lack of interest in button to the churches for prayers and meditation, as Midwest Diocese Organisation states Church is place where the Holy Spirit dwells in Gods people as they respond to His call to salvation and eternal life. Taking the phenomenon as a challenging issue in Kensington and Chelsea districts of the London city, I have decided to conduct a actor observation of the religious rituals performed by the Christians on Sundays at church. Brief Overview to Christianity The Christian faith is the second one in the list of three Abrahamic faiths, along with Judaism and Islam (Latourette, 1975, p. 8). It maintains unconditional belief in the divinity and Oneness of God and Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit as the two other members of Holy Trinity. Christianity seeks spiritual focal point from the Bible, which consists of the Old and New Testaments. The

Business Project management. Risk in a project Essay

Business Project management. Risk in a mold - Essay ExampleFrom the preceding(prenominal) equation, it can as well be inferred that the overall impact of all risks associated with a discover may be calculated by adding up all the R values of all the risks associated with the design. As far as the luck (P) is concerned, being a variable, it varies with different stages of time in the life cycle of a project. For example, the chance of an accident occurring during a building construction project varies at different stages of the lifecycle. This competency directly be related to various other factors in turn which themselves vary with the project cycle. For font, the implementation stage of the project usually is more susceptible to this kind of risk in terms of the probability of occurring (Hillson and Hulett 2004) and thus it might be at different levels. Determination of probability is more a qualitative exercise than a quantitative one. There is no clear cut way or model o f determining the probability though the probability might be estimated based on past data (Mind Tools, 2012). The way to do it is to arrive at mathematical models of probability distributions as close to the real probability as possible. It is also important to note that as many factors as can affect the probability of a assumption event need to be taken into account in order arrive at a true to life(predicate) estimate of the probability of an event. A simple way to arrive at a probability level for an event is to assign a score on a scale of 1 to 10, wherein 1 represents the least probability and 10 represent the highest probability. The scores should be greater than zero because if its zero, it is not seeming to occur and thus not a risk and if its 10 wherefore it becomes a certainty and then too it is not a risk. The costs associated with an event also vary with various stages in the project lifecycle which means a snapshot sum total of all the factors that affect project c ost associated with a certain event (Rochester 2012). Looking at the event based project cost in the supra example, it might be seen that the cost of an accident might be more when the project is in progress, for instance the construction work is in full swing and the building as well as flock working with project are more vulnerable to any mishap. The cost might be slight when for example, the work is off on account of a holiday. On a longer time scale, in the above example, the costs associated with an accident just prior to the completion of the building project might be substantially high, since a lot of money and resources have been invested by then. As seen above, the difficulties in arriving at realistic values of P and C make it important to consider a qualitative mode of assessing the project risk (Wordpress 2009). The project risk matrix as shown below Consequences IV III I II As seen in the figure above, the project risk as expressed in terms of probability is classifie d as low and high on the vertical axis. The Consequences or costs associated are represented as low or high on the horizontal axis. This represents four typical situations represented by four quadrants, for the project risk situations. The four combinations are as follows quarter-circle 1 Low probability-Low terms Risk impact Quadrant 2 Low probability- High Cost Risk impact Quadrant 3 High probability-High Cost Risk imp

The significance of the crucifixion to Anglicans today Essay

The significance of the crucifixion to Anglicans instantly - Essay ExampleThe doctrines that are directly derived from the events covered in the crucifixion include the salvation of man and the atonement of sin. All the events of the crucifixion play a symbolic role in the life of an Anglican Church believer, and the crucifixion of Jesus holds a lot of gist and significance for the Anglican believer of today (Williams, 2007). Areas of significance and the meaning of the crucifixion include that the death of Jesus, which paying the price required for salvation from sin. Secondly, the crucifixion unites Christians with the life of Jesus who took the burden of setting men detached and offers them the commands and the ways to live in the world. Discussion The importance of the crucifixion to the modern Anglican believer is modelled finished the context of the crucifixion of Jesus, though his subjection to a Roman capital penalisement, which was ordinarily used to punish offend ers that committed seditious or political crimes (Williams, 2007). The significance of the penalisation was that the offender would be subjected to a feral form of punishment but more importantly the punishment was a publicly displayed type, which sought to go against the offender before other people. From this context of the crucifixion as well as the other events that transpired during the crucifixion, the Anglicans of today view it as the ultimate sacrifice offered to save the human race. The significance of the events can be derived from the point that God, the father onlyowed Jesus, the son to go through all the humiliating experiences, so that the prophesy about the redemption of man would be fulfilled. Through the events of the crucifixion, Anglican believers are expected and taught to understand that the experiences of Jesus were supposed to envision the pain of sins which all humans would need to go through unless Jesus the son of God wiped them away(predicate) t hrough his death (Wright, 2007). Therefore, the crucifixion is not just a series of events to the Anglican believer of today it is a symbolic representation of the cost of salvation, which was paid by God using his son so that all humans would live free and remain free and covered by Gods grace. The second significance of the crucifixion of Jesus today is that of making the insistence of Gods forbearance to men. The sacrifice of Jesus was used to signify Gods actions, and not only the repayment of the punishment that men were supposed to bear, due to the sinfulness inherited from Adams fall. This is the case because from the early geezerhood that preceded the death of Jesus, no one would take the sins of others therefore, Jesus would literally not take the punishment and the evil of sinners. The bible says that the soul who sins is the one who will die (Ezekiel 181). However, the true meaning of the crucifixion to the contemporary Christian is to show that God can forgive the s ins of humanity and fail to impose the penalty of death. This theater of significance is very important to the Christian, mainly because it serves as a reassurance that irrespective of their many sins, they will eer have a place in the house of God, where they can commune with him as their father (McGrath, 2011). The crucifixion demonstrates the extent of Gods mercy, which was not limited to the Jews, the people that were living during the crucifixion, but also all those that accept Jesus and return to him for forgiveness (Williams, 2007). The wholesome meaning of this significance of the crucifixion is that God is a loving father to all his children, who will welcome the penitent

Therapy Animals are Service Animals Too Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Therapy Animals be Service Animals Too - Essay ExampleHowever, some therapy animal admit financial aid in the take in of alerting of an imminent panic attack or even simply providing emotional support to their owners (SKLOOT). These types of therapy animals should be considered service animals and provided the requisite legal protections that this label guarantees some(prenominal) other service animal. Service animals, according to the Americans with Disabilities Act, accommodate any guide dog, signal dog, or other animal individually trained to provide assistance to an individual with a disability. People traveling with such service animals must be allowed access to any public building without being segregated from other customers and without being required to show any assortment of proof of their disability. In fact, these requirements supersede county health requirements that only guide dogs may be permitted into certain businesses (U.S. surgical incision of Justice). The A DAs own definition of service animals is extremely broad. According to the previously cited definition, the animal must only provide assistance to be considered a service animal (U.S. Department of Justice). Assistance can take many an(prenominal) forms, including the provision of emotional support for those with psychiatric conditions.

Personal Development as a Mentor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Development as a Mentor - Essay ExampleNovices need golden wisdom that only comes from hands-on experience.The of necessity above are only a handful of reasons why the concept of having a mentor emerged. The diversion of finding an experienced colleague who keep impart a legacy to the newfangled generation of practitioners is invaluable. even so despite the proliferation of the mentoring in almost all professions, the concept of a mentor is still vague. Many erroneously consider a mentor as an ordinary friend that they can deal with lightly and unprofessionally. Others, on the other hand, highly venerate mentors to a point where they already consider them as their formal prof and instructor. As a nurse mentor, I need to elucidate what my role really is and to elaborate my obligations to my mentees. consort to the paper submitted by Ehrich, Hansford, and Tennent, the depot mentor was coined from the classic Greek epic, Odyssey wherein Odysseus on his trip to the Trojan struggle entrusted his son, Telemachus, education to his loyal servant, Mentor (2003). Whilst mentoring is initially done informally, in the last thirty years, this practice has gradually blossomed into an official and legitimate position in many companies. Still despite the general acceptance of the term it is still vague for most of those practicing the mentor-mentee relationship. Part of this is the lack of formal research regarding the practice and effectiveness of mentoring. commentary of MentoringTechnically, mentoring is defined by The Standing Committee on PostgraduateMedical and Dental Education as a process by which an experienced, highly regarded, empathic person (the mentor) guides another individual (the mentee) in the development and examination of their own ideas, learning and personal and professional development (1998). As a practicing nurse mentor, this skilful definition is insufficient to provide an overview of what mentoring really is. To have a more vivid p icture of what a mentor is let me provide a functional definition of mentoring using SWOT analysis and Gibbs ruminative Model. SWOT Analysis StrengthBeing a mentor my most familiar strength would be my extensive experience and the wisdom and values that I acquired from it. As a mentor, my job is to guide new nurses to succeed in their travel by imparting them in different ways the knowledge I had for years. These practical knowledge that I have used for my own career advancement is what I would advice them to do. A role model that they can follow, I can use myself as an example to inspire them in reaching their career goals and in realizing their fullest potential. I can also use my experience as a yardstick in measuring the level of their success and in appraising their skills and current career term and what they can still achieve. This way I can open doors for possible career improvement. I can also become their advisor, someone that my mentees can lean on when they experience problems and dilemmas. All in all, as a mentor, I act as a bridge to link them from their current status towards their career plan. Weaknesses Being merely a link and not a superior to my mentees, my relationship with them might be tinged with coolness or become too personally attached with mentees, which might result into loss of obligingness and professional treatment to me by my mentees. Also my

Problem set Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Problem set - Assignment ExampleBy co-operative principle, this answer was not informative and was clearly out of sorts with the person who had asked it. It targetnot be necessary that cats rule the world and even the message asked how long it would take the process to be complete. Actually it is supposed to be a unified switch off where answers are effectively given.Word parliamentary procedure in linguistics is used to make a cite to studying the syntactic constituents that make up a language. Under many circumstances, correlations between different lyric do occur. Basic orders of discussions can be defined by use of the finite verb (V), object and the subject (SVO). The normal transitive blame has got six possible theoretical word orders. SVO is however rudimentary to all languages of the world which is a basic issue of concern in this discussion. There is however druthers to the Chinese and side of meat language. The aim of this section is to make a comparative and co ntrasting view of the word order.Word order in the Chinese language is as important as it is in the face language. From the comparative basis, there is a sentence constituent that follows the SVO order. This however does not bring the implication that the English and Chinese word order is all the same. To start with, in statement, the structures of these sentences are the same. The subject precedes the verb and the object comes later. This can be referred to as the SVO order. This is just the normal word order in the systems of languages. Take for example the sentence I learn Mandarin. In Chinese, it takes the same order of arrangement , where=I, =learn, =Mandarin. This is exactly the same order of arrangement of words. The arrangement above simply indicates that there is no problem interpreting the language as far as the order is concerned. There is however a slight difference between verb flexion between English and Chinese. In Chinese, verbs are not inflected. The Chinese langu age has no past tense,

Reporting research results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reporting investigate results - Essay ExampleThe method used to collect the statistics is also important as a marker of assurance on the credibility of the results(Creswell, 2008).Other factors include the field that the look for focused on and the inhabitants of the region as per the research results. Consequently, the report should clarify on whether the results depict the answers of every statistic. The report should also condone the statistics which made up the research, but were not available during the study. In addition, the report should illuminate whether the act is a shortcoming or not.The other factor is the time during which the research took place. The various ways through which the research took place should also be a composition of the report. The sampling errors that are an attribute of the research should be put to the limelight. The frequent questions during the research should also be part of the report (Rocco T.S.,

Middle Earth-from the novel to the silver screen Research Paper

Middle Earth-from the novel to the silver screen - Research Paper ensamplePerhaps the biggest skip by capital of Mississippi is the snapshot including the scouring of the shire. In line with this, Valente noted that Jacksons deletion of this scene might have been due to his, and Tolkiens love for temper and the Hobbits (36). Nonetheless, the deletion of this scene pay backs with an emotional appeal to a viewer since they are able to appreciate the fact that the Hobbits delightful Shire remained intact since the movie might have depicted the destruction in a worse mode than the book explained. Hence, the viewer does not go through a position whereby they witnessed the destruction of a beautiful environment that was well maintained by the Hobbits. In addition, Jackson manages to maintain the Hobbits simple way of purport throughout the book, which appeals emotionally to the viewing audience. In this regard, the scouring of the shire in the movie would have come with destruct ion of a simple way of life. Nonetheless, Jackson did not want to destroy this calm and rustic life since the viewers would not have identified with such an action and would not find the version appealing. Conversely, the scene was long and would not have fitted within the period resulting due to the change in the media. To save with the depiction of the simple life that the Hobbits lead, Jackson adds any(prenominal)thing new in the movie in a scene that involves Merry and Pippin, two of the four Hobbits while at the gate of the Isengard. In this regard, Merry told Pippin that he smoked a lot (The Return of the King). While this statement does not have any progeny on the overall story told by the adaptation, Jackson continues to show the drinking and pipe smoking nature of the Hobbits (Valente 36). In effect, Jackson wanted to make a... The fascinating perspective depends upon an individuals taste although most(prenominal) viewers cite the adaptations to movies as more interesti ng than the novels. On the separate hand, there are viewers who will indicate that the movie enhanced their understanding of the novel. Nonetheless, the perspective an individual takes depends on their preferences since movies are a visual medium and movie directors attempts in portraying written pieces, thoughts, and events might be challenging. In this regard, round readers of the novel might be disappointed after watching the movies. However, movie directors and producers are always at hand to explain to the viewers that the movies are adaptations, which may delete, add, or change some aspects of the novel in order to make the movie.It is evident that Jackson was able to turn a high fantasy of the mid-fifties gain the success in the contemporary society. In order to ensure the success, he had to make some alterations from the original text in order for the movie to fit into the visual medium and period. On the other hand, the contemporary society has changed from the society th at liked the book by Tolkien in the 1950s. Hence, Jackson appeals to this society by giving the movie a humanly appeal when he highlights the most important aspects of human life such as pity, compassion, and the important role of each person in the society. In addition, the alteration of the characters by giving them a psychological depiction in the adaptation, which is in contrast to the superhero status in the book, makes the movie a success story when compared to the book.

Equilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equilty - Essay ExampleThere be many issues that are involved in the way citizens are expected to redress their taxes, which cannot be conclude to bring an bargain. Different levels of income are an example that contributes to these disagreements. The high income earners give not be expected to pay the same tax as the low income earners. This is what economists refer to as the ability to pay dogma (Blum and Kalvern 2011). This principle argues that one should pay tax according to his power to pay. People who have high income are qualified to pay hence they are supposed to pay more tax. This shows that large amounts of taxes will come from mystifying people.The benefit principle is another system that governments use to get taxes from the citizens (Blum and Kalvern 2011). Everyone who benefits from the outcomes of taxes is supposed to pay it accordingly. This signifies that there will be no balance in paying the taxes among the citizens since, different people gains different ly from the functions of the taxes. People in towns will pay more than those in rural areas who get less access to the outcomes of the taxes paid.Conclusion However, fairness goes hand in hand with fairness. The two concepts mentioned above may both bring disagreements, but an agreement may some how be reached if the benefit principle is enforced. Blum and Kalvern (2011), consumers will always want to maximize their usefulness and minimize the cost. Therefore, people from every part of the country will feel the worth of the payments they make hence no

German of germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German of germany - Essay Exampleentered the prison cells and examined their design and tried to analyze how the cells functioned to set the prisoners unable to flee yet were assured a healthy environment despite their number.Throughout the video, the ideas of the interviewer had been more often than not expressed in a preconceived manner. It is true that Cole presented facts about the concentration camps as he showed the evidences, just abouttimes showing a fair outlook by acknowledging information about the camp do popular by the holocaust survivors. However, those acknowledgments were pretty harmless to the preconceived beliefs he was trying to prove. He seemed to pay carefully drafted the documentary in favor of the German version of the holocaust story and also seemed quite an anxious to mention he is a Jew but an atheist, wearing his kippah to prove that he is not some revisionist or the like. His efforts nevertheless, do not prove his reliability rather it is his words t hat expose his intentions. Cole verbalize he wanted to uncover what really happened during the holocaust but he seemed only to be proving what he believed in, that the testimonies of the survivors are not true. Evidences stinkpot be destroyed and altered and with the time that passed, no one can really know the truth except those who witnessed the

Computer information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer information - judge ExampleBoth outlook express and MSN messenger support electronic messaging and the sending of electronic documents. The advantage of MSN messenger is that communication is faster rather than having to walk across the staff room to the soul whom you wish to talk to. Documents can be sent via MSN messenger too. The disadvantage is that communication has to be real-time. If the soulfulness to whom you wish to communicate to is teaching classes, communication is impossible. Fortunately, theres always outlook express. The advantage of outlook express makes up for the disadvantage of MSN messenger. Communication is possible at different times from different places, in addition to the talent of sending documents. The disadvantage of outlook express is that verbal and non-verbal cues such as tone, inflection, and facial expression argon missing (Montoya, 2003).Office automation systems include the electronic office such as computers, fax, and computerized tel ephone systems, as well as office automation applications such as word processing, electronic mails, desktop publishing, fax, bod processing, and teleconferencing. The trend is to integrate these applications (Williams, Sawyer, & Hutchinson, 1997).In the school where I am teaching, we use computers, Microsoft office applications such as w

Project Communication Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Project Communication programme - Assignment ExampleProject managers should use the available tools of communication such as letters, telephones, and video conferencing. A proper communication plan is the most effective way of letting different end users of a interpret knows the effects a particular project to them.Project managers who engender the responsibility of developing a communication plan should take into account a number of key components to ensure that they have a good communication plan. This will ensure that all the parties who are interested in a project are well served with the relevant information regarding the project. Audience forms a major component of a good communication. Campbell (2012) refers to this as the Stakeholder analysis. Different persons who are interested in the project cycle such as sponsors, stakeholders, and squad members will require different information. A good communication plan should identify each hearing with the aim of providing relev ant information to them. The purpose of identifying earreach is to see if we can determine how each audience is concerned.In addition to Audience, Content is the second component of a good communication plan.This component describes the benevolent of information that each audience needs. Such information may include the details about accomplishments and work out of the project. This information may be very relevant to the high level stakeholders (Biafore, & Stover, 2012). All these audience groups have unique interest in the whole project which the project manager will reflect up on when developing a communication plan. Method of communication is another important aspect of a good communication plan which project management should take into account. With a lot of technological advancements in the methods of communication, project managers have numerous methods of communication to the relevant audience (Heldman, 2011). Means of communication include in person meetings, videoconfer encing, telephone calls, email, and written

I Don; T Know Essay Example for Free

I Don T Know Essay wherefore or why not? All personal and confidential information should be limited to the nude amount of wellness care professionals. Only to carry taboo medical checkup treatment (MLAE). 2. In this case, how would you be able to correct your error and provide the missing documents to the affected role while still protecting uncomplaining confidentiality under HIPAA? You should contact the patient inform them you still have the documents, and ask if they ould like to come to view them (MLAE). 3. Besides a HIPAA Patient Release of Information form, list 4 other items that are put together in the medical record. A privacy notice, acknowledgment that the privacy notice was received, a trading match agreement, and an agreement reached with a healthcare professional business associates (MLAE). 4. Legally, does the patient or the physician/healthcare eagerness own the medical record? wherefore? The healthcare facility, but the patient plunder access them a ny(prenominal) time as long as the physician feels it will cause no harm to the patient (MLAE). 5.List 3 ways patient confidentiality is maintained in the reception/waiting area of a medical office. Not discussing patient information in the lobby. Making sure computer screens are out of patients sight. Also making sure patients files are not left open (MLAE). 6. A breach of confidentiality can result in what consequences for a health care professional? This could result in possible termination, or possible civil carry out being taken (MLAE). 7. From the list of Interpersonal Ethics (found in Chapter 1 of the Fremgen text), please describe how any of those traits were demonstrated in your actions in this case scenario?Respect by sounding to make sure you could access his information (MLAE). Unit 8 Project Questions Part II 1. Would the action taken in this second scenario be within your scope of apply for your chosen field? wherefore or why not? No only physicians should be givin g out prescriptions, and they should have never even looked in the file. They should have just taken a message for the doctor (MLAE). 2. What determines your scope of practice for your chosen career? What you study, and what the office you are working in tells you to do (MLAE). 3.Would Respondeat Superior apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? I would not think so, because this person was not acting within their scope of Employment (MLAE). 4. Would the Good Samaritan Law apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? No because this was not any emergency situation (MLAE). 5. What role does the provender and Drug Administration (FDA) play in regards to prescription medicine? The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and ver-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagne tic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary products (MLAE). 6. What role does the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) play in regards to prescription medication and a physicians ability to prescribe narcotics? Physicians must have a DEA license to compose prescriptions, and it must be for the state they are practicing in (MLAE). References Bonnie F Fremgen, Ph. D. (2009). MEDICAL LAW AND ETHICS. current Jersey Pearson Education Inc.

How Internal and External Forces Affect Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

How Internal and External Forces Affect Organizational bearing EssayAnalyze how internal and External Forces Affect Organizational Behavior Examples of Internal and External Forces accommodate the FollowingCompetition Some Chief Executive Officers when trying to build a high cognitive process work culture will use a strategy that pits one employee against a nonher employee to form a competition between the two. Methods such as these may entice employees to work harder, but sometimes these tactical maneuver will backfire and undermine employee cooperation.In-house internal competition does sound logical to many managers, employ the beat out people and evaluate them on regular intervals with sound measures. Then rank them from best to switch, unload the worst then praise the best, and shower them with money, and promotions while devoting enough attention to the rest of them so that they will not leave, and keep working hard.The rhetoric of competition is appealing in our ind ividualistic sports-oriented society, and we revere executives who talk closely tough competition, survival of the fittest and the virtues of winning. Past-news Organizational-Behavior-The-Enemy-Next-Door http//www.cioinsight.comThe economy Hiring practices nourish changed dramatically over the years. Quality individuals are being employed, and straightaway they are trained for positions within the organization. Companies are investing in low or unskilled workers and raising them at company expense. In the past this has been a warning sign to businesses. As the economy rises, organizations are coerced to hire worker who are less experienced.This means that there is a loss of productivity. However, salary increases have remained the same at an increase of1.8%, down from the 3% in 1998. Productivity, which should have been much lower, has proceeded at 2% annually. Part of the explanation for this unprecedented trend seems to be the investment of companies into equipment.Technolog y has become so friendly that unskilled workers, bolstered by new technology, can be many times more productiveRetrieved from origin Week Online June 10th, 2011 The Economys Rising Tide, by David Leonhardt, and Laura Cohn http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/1139/organizationalbehavior

Grendel & Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Grendel Existentialism EssayI mute that the world was nobody a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. I understood that, finally and absolutely, I alone exist. All the rest, I saw, is just what pushes me, or what I push against, blindly-as blindly as all that is not myself pushes back. Existentialism is a philosophy that I, personally, was unfamiliar with until we talked about it in class. The race between Grendel and existentialism was profound to me not only in the way that it drew lines of symmetry, except in the way that it helped me to interpret the concepts behind the philosophy. This quote spoke to me because it demonstrates how Grendel is pressured into living an existential philosopher lifestyle by the really forces that he says push upon him. Grendel delves into the psyche of a man-beast whose only choice is to react to the world as an existentialist the world (specifically mankind) exemplifies all of existentia lisms concepts, proving Grendels niche to be that of an existentialist. Dark chasms I wawl from the cliff-edge, seize me Seize me to your foul black bowels and crush my bones I am terrified at the sound of my own huge voice in the darkness At the same time, I am secretly un cleared. The uproar is only my own shriek, and chasms are, like all things vast, inanimate. They will not snatch me in a thousand years, unless, in a lunatic fit of religion, I jump. Grendel, pg. 10 Grendel knows that he is alone, despite his attempts to fool himself. This is ratified by his mothers inability to speak to him, the fear animals have of him, and the rejection he receives from mankind. He has no explanation for anything in existence due to his inability to communicate with anyone, until the dragon comes along. My knowledge of the next does not cause the future.It merely sees it, exactly as creatures at your low level recall things past. And stock-still if, say, I interfere even then I do not change the future, I merely do what I saw from the beginning. Thats obvious, surely. Lets say its settled then. So much for free will and intercession Grendel, pg. 63 Lack of free will is another concept of existentialism. Grendels previously mentioned lack of communication makes him eager to soak up any idea that the dragon shares with him, and in conclusion he takes this to mean that his war on the mead hall was not done of his own free will, but because it was his future as the dragon foresaw it.

Strong and stubborn Maggie Essay Example for Free

Strong and stubborn Maggie EssayAfter Hobson enters the house Maggie commands him not to be late for dinner. Hobson doesnt like Maggie trying to order him ab push through because she is female, merely Maggie doesnt digest down. Maggie and Hobson have a booking for dominance because neither one will take orders from the other this shows how strong and stubborn Maggie and her father laughingstock be, they have a precise similar character nevertheless Hobson is some beats a bit of a snob unlike Maggie.Later on Maggie asks here father how much a week does he feed in her. Her father answers, Thats neither here nor there. This means it doesnt re each(prenominal)y matter you nonetheless get bills, alone really they get very little except when they get new cloths every year which Hobson pays x pounds for each of them which is a lot of money, food and a shelter over their head. Maggie took control of this situation fashioning sure her father would think that he doesnt give t hem any money which is very wise but also very cunning.Later on in the passage Hobson decides to try and find a married woman for Alice and Vicky, but completely excludes Maggie. Even though Maggie is very strong willed and minded this is still very pestilential because she is getting excluded by her own father, this shows how horrible Hobson cease be. Even though Maggie is assertive and asks were she comes into this. Hobson is astonished by this and laughs at her, thinking Maggie will never get married. Hobson tells Maggie the brutal truth verbal expression she is a victorian old maid, this is saying she is too old to attach.After Mrs. Hepworth enters the shop, she asks who make these boots. Hobson is do a fool when he whoremastert give Mrs. Hepworth a direct answer, but Maggie gives her a direct answer as treasure by Mrs. Hepworth. This shows how Maggie works in logic Mr. Hobson doesnt want to say who because he is proud of how he makes the boots on the premises buy he doe snt make them. Maggie realises how much of a Treasure Willie is, this is the turning point of the melt were Maggie thinks of her plan to make a business and move away from her father. Hobson tell that Maggie is useful to part with, he recognises her qualities as a business woman but he doesnt treat her with that respect. This shows Maggie is very useful if Hobson can say this because his is a greedy man only looking to make as much money as possible.Maggie tells Willie, Youre a intrinsic born Genius at making boots. Maggie is telling him about how happy he is which shows her nice side but in the same sentence she said Youre a natural fool at all else. Maggie can be nice to him and insult him with no thinking, she doesnt even bank note that she insulted him. This may be because she speaks her mind and she bonnie thought it was true. Willies life is ruled by fear because he wont move to a better shoe shop because he fears the fine places, Maggie wants to help him to give him the confidence to be able to go into a better shop, and she is the liberator that wants to help all including her.Willie tells Maggie that she is a adore in the shop, this may be because Maggie complimented him earlier or he was telling the truth and thinking on the same wavelength as Maggie for a second. As Willie dives to the trap Maggie stops him, this could be symbolic that Maggie is getting him out of Hobsons trap but he is now trapped with Maggie, this is worse because Maggie is a lot cleverer than Hobson and also a lot more demanding.Maggie steps out of the stereotype of women when she asks Willie to marry her. This shows how Maggie is a woman out of her time she is too demanding and cant wait until person else does it so she has to do it, this shows she is very brave and can do things without thinking of the consequences. Maggie knows this is her last chance to get out because life is so scarce she needs this chance. Willie is unbalanced about what Hobson will say, he is too frightened to hurt mortal. This also shows how again he is invigoration in fear, Maggie has brought back the fear because she has put him in an strange situation. Maggie tells him When I make arrangements, my lad, theyre not made for upsetting. This is telling him I wont take no for an answer you are marrying me I have made plans for the future with you and I am going to make them true whatever the cost.This shows hoe determined Maggie can be and also how vicious she can be because she if forcing him to harry her even though he is very reluctant about marrying someone. Later when Ada is mentioned Maggie calls her the sandy haired girl, this could be because sand is easy to find saying she is one of thousands not an individual like Maggie, but straight away Willie said specieen haired is Ada. Gold is a lot less common than sand which makes her to look like an individual and not someone who follows everyone elses tastes.These two comparisons show how they both see this woman Willi e sees her in the eyes of a lover but Maggie sees her in the eyes of someone who is maybe jealous at his moment. Maggie later says Ive seen her and I know the breed. The one word that stands out in the sentence is breed, Maggie is comparing Ada to an animal which has with no feelings, this is very brutal and aggressive, this is Maggies aggressive side which is very really seen in the fun but when it is seen it is not meant to be liked.Maggie said to Willie its a desperate woman thatll look for protection to the likes of you. This is insulting both Ada and Willie which Maggie found quite easy to do. Maggie is being very cruel to Ada which many people who are watching the play with think is wrong thinking Maggie is a bully like her father. The sympathy for Maggie is shifted to Ada because of Maggie abusive office towards her, Maggie doesnt even treat her like a normal human being. Maggie later says shes born to meekness. This is continuing to be abusive to Ada maybe trying to have an argument with her, but Maggie knows that she will walk all over her. Maggie tells Willie that he will be an eighteen shilling bookmaker for the rest of his life, this is to tell him if you marry Ada you will be poor forever but if you marry me I will be able to help you.This is very cunning of Maggie knowing that Willie wants to make the most in his life and he knows he will be stuck in Hobsons for the rest of his life without Maggie, on a wage so low he cant afford the things that he makes. Maggie also tells Willie Youll be a slave, and a contented slave. This is telling him youll be stuck her forever owned by Hobson and if you try to escape youll have to come back just to earn money, you are trapped here without my help. This is showing Maggie hurting someone to help someone and herself which is how her. The play is showing how she is a liberator breaking the chains off Willie and setting him free in the arena with her.Maggie said Ive got my work cut out. This shows how she isnt giving up saying I will convince you instead or later which shows her character as being very strong willed and what she said goes without a question. When Willie wants to be left alone Maggie said So does the fly when the spider catches him. This could be interpreted as Maggie communicable him so he is not a free man Maggie has just took him in as a trap like Hobson had him, Maggie may do it with a lot more lenience but still not enough for him to be a freed man.Maggie also says You are my man. This is indicating that she owns him like a slave which is just what her father done but in a worse way, it could be very demining as considerably because Willie could think that he isnt worth anything being tossed about from Hobson to Maggie like an item of trade. When Maggie tells Willie to hold your hush. This is telling him to closed up using an imperative, many men those days would not allow women to command them to shut up but because Willie is feeble he has no choice so he ju st goes on with it.

Advocacy in Human Services Essay Example for Free

protagonism in world go Essay at a lower place the Rainbow Inc. began when a group of four affectionately conscious people discovered a dire need for quality, unbiased welf atomic number 18 support without prejudice or borders and became an incorporated association in February 2007.Since its inception, under(a) the Rainbow Inc. has been committed to excellence in the delivery of social welf are services found on their principles of charity, care and compassion. A range of services designed to promote independence and to enhance quality of liveness are provided by down the stairs the Rainbow, all of which encompass care and support of local corporation members, in particular those who require relief from privation and/or the dependents of any such(prenominal) persons. Advocacy is the primary component part of case managers who volunteer at Under The Rainbow and in this compassionate service foundting and any different it is essential for services to be provided acc urately.This essay will define protagonism in a tender-hearted creations services context as well as discuss the type of protagonism that is beneficial to customers in this chosen human service setting. In conclusion, this essay will alike describe issues that Under The Rainbow soak up encountered whilst implementing advocacy and change and the way the current policy-making climate can effect their ability to restrain in advocacy and deliver quality human services.Whilst the definition of advocacy in general is broad, in human service and social change state practice advocacy is essentially the process of protecting human rights or to change discriminatory or abusive treatment to the vulnerable, whether working with an individual or a group (Corey, Corey Callanan, 1998).Human service workers all act as advocates in the course of their work (Sorensen and Black, 2001) and the Australian Association of sociable Workers Code of Ethics (2002) supports this view citing, The so cial worker will advocate for changes in policy, service delivery and social conditions which enhance the opportunities for those most vulnerable in the community however Forbat and Atkinson (2005) represent that advocacy is not social work, but its principles and values resonate closely. Regardless of onesdefinition, the key concept in the notion of any type of advocacy, is that it requires at least three parties the client, the advocate and the other side (School of wellness and Human Services, 2007).Literature suggests that the differing types of advocacy seem as broad as its definition and a itemise of different types of advocacy exist, however within Under the Rainbows human service framework they are predominately implicated with individual or case advocacy. According to Hepworth Larsen (1993), case advocacy is a way to obtain resources or services for clients that would not otherwise be provided and this theory underlies Under the Rainbows belief that to advocate for a cl ient is to bring about some form of personal and/or social change (School of Health and Human Services, 2007).Under the Rainbow is a voluntary community based organisation which now boasts a membership of lxv individuals, many of whom work with clients as advocates for change. The goal for each volunteer who manages cases for Under the Rainbow is to promote fair, equal, and humane treatment through fundraising, charity provision (food and clothing), welfare work and social action against injustice for the disadvantaged. Under the Rainbows social work practice is mainly concerned with implementing changes in the local community to assist in poverty relief to predominately voluntary clients (Barker, 1991), though some are referred.While the majority of Under the Rainbows charity work is concerned with lending a hand materially and financially, they also work one-on-one with clients to determine why they needed a hand in the first place and at that placefore consider twain aspects o f their human service delivery forms of advocating. However there is some argument as to whether charity and advocating is in position the same thing. The assertion by LHirondelle (2002) that charity work simply means offering one-on-one dish out without effort to give people the opportunity to participate in working with others to change their situation is challenged at Under the Rainbow who believe authority of a client is some(prenominal) valuable and essential.Individuals who seek avail from Under the Rainbow a great deal see themselves as powerless and unable to make changes in their lives and sadly, those who are discriminated against, are often the most vulnerable. Under the Rainbow clients can be distinguished by many inequalities involving social issues in areas such as power, authority, and wealth, working and living conditions, health, flavourstyle, gender, education, religion, and culture. Because the nature of Under the Rainbow is predominately a charity, they re alise some of the clients who ask for welfare assistance will not want to be involved in any further actions for changing their situation and staff may only be required to advocate once. However, they know from experience there are just as many of their clients who will want to get involved and connect with others in order to work together for social and personal empowerment.To clarify empowerment further, Shulman (2005) states that the empowerment process involves engage the client, family, group, or community in developing strengths to personally and politically cope and a number of empowerment workshops and programmes covering issues such as budgeting, self-esteem and parenting are implemented at Under the Rainbow to facilitate this.Clients also often need help when dealing with other agencies and a Justice of the Peace service and help with letter writing, telephone and electronic correspondence is also offered. Often clients feel they exhaust been interact below the belt b y other advocacy and law agencys and challenging another organisations reasoning, on a clients behalf or as an individual can be referred to as persuasion advocacy (Reardon, 2001). Many times writing a letter or involving law enforcement agencies to negotiate a point has been successful for Under the Rainbow and their clients to further impress empowerment.Therefore, Under the Rainbow staff believe offering an individual help, whether through the distribution of groceries or an activity resembling to the ones discussed above, is seen as empowerment for social change. Under the Rainbow advocate for and empower their clients, deliverance people together where they are then able to take action to change their situation. Schneider Lester (2001) include empowerment in their definition as part of the practice of advocacy and conclude that this value is based on the belief that individuals have strengths to advance knowledge, become assertive, and develop skills, and through social wor k advocacy, these strengths can be set in motion.Vanessa, who has worked with Under the Rainbow for nine months states, when I interview clients, I encourage and pay attention to the capable person I see in front of me. My focus as an advocate is never on their previous history, as there is nothing I can do personally to change it. The importance for me is what the client wants from life and how it can be achieved (Pers comm. 2/4/08). Whilst working as an advocate Vanessa does not expect nor require a client to self-disclose, however they usually do, which Vanessa defines as a relationship based on trust and mutual respect.Respecting the privacy rights and confidentiality of Under the Rainbows clients is extremely important and they believe that excellent honourable conduct must be practiced in order to be a credible community advocate. Cultural, language, disability and other accommodations are also provided for. If personal conflicts of interest should occur the advocate will d ance step aside and ask for help from another party. As Under the Rainbow is are self-regulating, ethical decision-making and the process of life-sustaining reflection, evaluation and judgment through which a practitioner resolves ethical issues, problems and dilemmas (Trevino, 1986) is extremely important in both a personal and professional context.As well as individual and personal advocating, dissolving barriers and expression a sense of community on a local level, Under The Rainbow promote global consciousness and pride themselves on their broad worldview and high awareness of the inter-relatedness and sacredness of all living things. All Under the Rainbow Inc. members are active, both personally and professionally, in many social arenas confronting a broad range of social and political issues. Advocacy of this type, which refers to a connection with social movements, is known as activistic or cause advocacy (Healy, 2000) and often involves active criticism of or engagement with governmentpolicies and practices (School of Health and Human Services, 2007).Many members of Under the Rainbow have strong lobbying and media skills and some of their more prominent contributions and support include subscriptions and memberships to other advocacy groups and organisations such as refreshful Internationalist Magazine, Bush Heritage Australia, Amnesty International and Greenpeace as well as Indigenous organisations, animal and environmental protection groups and interests in many other diverse global activist platforms. Under the Rainbow has also purchased and helped plant thousands of trees in South East Queensland through the Queensland Folk Federation at the Woodford Folk Festival site.Under the Rainbow is self-sufficient and as yet to receive any government funding. Relying on donations from its members and the general public to support their services is successful, but often unpredictable and can cause thwarting when resources are limited. However, being an incorporated association means that Under the Rainbow is only accountable to themselves, their donors, members, clients and community. Not being affiliated with any government, church or social agency means they are not overmaster to any other types of accountability usually required under public auspice and this is preferable. Under the Rainbows projects, which are both broad and long-range, draw only on individual and group advocacy skills from its membership pool, preferring to remain sole(prenominal) and not out-source help from other agencies.In recent years, new set of ideas, such as advocacy, consumerism, empowerment, participation, and anti-discriminatory practices have all influenced social work practice and this has had an impact on social work values. This new set of ideas is referred to as radical values (Adams et al, 2002) and are concerned with challenging oppression and discrimination, it is within this value establishment that Under the Rainbow continues to opera te.Advocacy is essentially the process of standing up for the rights of others who are being unfairly treated (Sorenson and Black, 2001) and has the potential to bring significant and sustainable change for the better. It canempower individuals and communities and generate many resources whilst bringing diverse organisations together to work on common issues. Effective advocacy takes specific skills, commitment, effort, resources, perseverance, wisdom and collaborationism all of which are faced by the Under the Rainbow volunteers on a daily basis.The case managers at Under the Rainbow realise they need to successfully master the skills needed to be an advocate, which takes time and experience. They are also aware that learning to be persuasive and using resources available to them will increase their level of competency and better assure a positive outcome for both themselves and their clients.I am proud to be a member of Under the Rainbow and my involvement in the challenging albe it very rewarding endeavours to facilitate advocacy for change in this small but powerful association.REFERENCE LISTAdams, R., Dominelli, L., Payne, M., (2002). Social Work, Themes, Issues and Critical Debates (2nd ed.), Palgrave, Basingstoke.Australian Association of Social Workers (2002), Code of Ethics, Retrieved April 2nd, 2008, AASW Website http//www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/about/AASW_Code_of_EthicsCorey, G., Corey, M., Callanan, P., (1998). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions, Brooks/Cole, USA.Forbat, L., Atkinson, D., (2005). Advocacy in Practice The Troubled Position of Advocates in Adult Services, British Journal of Social Work, 353, pp. 321-335Healy, K., (2000). Social Work Practices Contemporary Perspectives on Change, Sage, London.Hepworth, D., Larsen, J., (1993). Direct Social Work Practice Theory andSkills (4th ed.) The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois.Trevino, L.K., (1986). ethical Decision making in Organizations A Person-Situation Interactionist Model, The A cademy of Management Review,Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 601-617.LHirondelle, C., (2002), Characteristics of Remedial Work vs. Social Change, Retrieved April 4th 2008, Victorian Status of Women (SWAG) Website http//pacificcoast.net/swag/index.htmlReardon, K.K., (1991), Persuasion in Practice, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, California.Schneider, R.L., Lester, L., (2001). Advocacy A New Definition, Social Work Advocacy, Brooks/Cole Publishing, Pacific Grove California.School of Health and Human Services, (2007). cultivation Guide Advocacy and Change, Southern Cross University, Lismore.Shulman, L., (2005). Skills of Helping Individuals, Families, Groups and Communities, Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA.Sorenson, H., Black, L., (2001). Advocacy and Ageing, Australasian Journal on Aging, Vol. 20.3, Supplement 2, pp. 27-34.

Employment Relations Essay Example for Free

Employment Relations EssayThe dynamic nature of the profession environment and the increasing global competition has prompted business owners as rise as early(a) stakeholders to pay more attention to the bea of trading traffic. This empennage be attri exclusivelyed to the increased train of awareness regarding the traffichip amongst employment relations and productivity . Management teams in most physical compositions dupe taken a keen interest in employment relations now more than incessantly before.Today, gracious imaging practitioners and departments in organizations cast rapidly transformed into most vibrant people and departments out-of-pocket to their increasingly of the essence(p) lineaments. This paper analyses the role played by the perplexity in regard to the validation and structure of employment relations in the context of the sell industry in Australia. Employment relations (ER) refer to the different systems and techniques utilized in managin g people. Employment relations are a broad and tout ensemble encompassing term that also covers human resource reverence and industrial relations (Guite, T. 1999).Human resource trouble revolves the directing and controlling of the work force in a particular organization to determine unity so that there can be harmonious relationship between the trouble and workers for utmost productivity (Nilson, C. 2003. ). Industrial relation has to do with the resolution with work related disputes between the employees and their organizations and the steering (Guite, T. 1999). there rush been significant reforms in Australia in the last decade in regard to industrial disputation. This has seen the drop-off of inconsistencies in the area of dispute and conflict management.ER as a professional field overwhelms the determined down rules and regulations, attitudes, cultures, policies and behavior surrounding the employment relationship (Cranny, C et al, 1992). It involves the participat ion of key players such as employees with their formal and informal organizations, employers with their associations and the political relation and its relevant institutions in regard to their employment concerns. Employment relationship refers to the accept between two parties one being the employee and the other the employer.The employee is the person in servitude to the other under contractual terms, which may be written or oral (Walter, J. 2006). In this relationship the employer has an upper hand in the decision-making and conceptu exclusivelyy is the one who gives the direction, which is to be followed. Concept This leadership role is key to any(prenominal) organization and may be held by an individual (in cases of sm either and micro businesses) or a management team in cases of medium or large organizations. The management has the role of controlling and directing people towards achieving corporate objective.team work is involved where one person is not able to produce w hat is actuall(a)y needed in the company. Potential human resources, financial resources and natural resources are all deployed and manipulated through the management (Mullins, L. 2005. ). Management as a function in the organization involves the act of getting things done through people in the most efficient way on a regular basis. The management is also charged with the indebtedness of initializing plans and action that ought to be taken by the organization in order to reach the corporate objective.The management therefore is involved in the planning, organizing, motivating, controlling, coordinating the resources in an organization in order to achieve the supreme possible productivity levels. in that respect are different arms under which the management falls including human resource management, operations management, production management, strategic management, financial management and information technology management (Walter, J. 2006). In this section, we are interested in the human resource management where it is noted that the role of this arm of management has been changing and becoming increasingly important in organizations today.The human resource department in any organization has the role of understanding and developing the human capital as well as enmeshed in dissemination of good organizational culture among the workforce (Cranny, C et al, 1992). The key role of management in employment relations is defined as communication. Various aspects of employees relationship with the management are handled gibe to the laid down rules, policies, and practices of the organization.In the modern work shopping center the employees are encouraged to air their views and grievances through this important arm of the management. This has the impact of reducing organizational conflicts and thus saving organizations both money and time that would differently have been used in the follow-ups of litigation cases. Other specific areas of interest between managem ent and employees include payments of wages, bonuses and salaries, work come out of the closet conflict resolution, work timetable, health and safety, productivity targets and general grievances that employees may have .It cannot therefore be said that the management plays a passive role in employment relations rather in this day and age the management plays an all important role that has the effect of unifying all the resources of the organization especially the human resource in order to maximize productivity. The management ensures that all the employees are work(a) together in harmony towards the cooperate goal. In addition to this, the management has to engage in communion with the relevant giving medication institutions in order to ensure that all regulations pertaining to employment relations are adhered to.It can therefore be said that the management has a most central role in memory together the different stake holders in employment relations. That task requires differ ent skills and knowledge of management and leadership methods. Retail industry in Australia The sell industry in Australia is by far the biggest employer employing about 12% of the working population. The retail markets consist of sellers of goods directly to consumers and other final users. This industry is also characterized by the highest fig of untrained workers.The working conditions are most varied and working hours are not toned but are determined by the individual retailers. Important changes to the retail work relations systems have been introduced in the work relations act of 1996 (Pocock, Barbara Masterman-Smith, Helen. 2005). One of the responsibilities for determining all matters touching on the employer/employee relationship is on the hands of these two key stakeholders at the work place. According to the new rules, and agreements employers and employees are encouraged to adjourn their matters without relying on external mediators.However, the key areas such as mi nimum wages and working conditions standards have been constituted by the Australian fair pay commission as well as the parliamentary decree(Catanzariti, J. Baragwanath, M. 1997 ). thither has been a major reform in employee relations in the retail industry in Australia. There have been conscious measures to regulate the work place environment in this industry with different variations crystalize in recognition to the changes made to the shop trading hours act of 1997. approximately of these variations include the expansion and sphere of working hours, the minimum wage upgrades (Creighton, B. Stewart, A. 994).There has also been a need for direction on the payoff of hours that employees should be given for leave. Additionally, when working at odd hours different pay terms have been negotiated. This includes working on Sundays and working at night. In order to ensure that employees are not overworked, it has been suggested that there be introduced a system of working shifts. T he federal government in Australia is mandated by the constitution to make laws that regulate matters concerning conciliation and dispute resolution in order to prevent industrial dispute that would extent beyond anyone state (Teicher, J. Lambert, R. ORourke, A. 2006. ).Workers in the retail industry in Australia have enjoyed higher standards of living collectible to significant legislative reforms regarding the work place relation. These reforms have also served to increase productivity due to the tear down rates of industrial disputation. However, more reforms are needed to increase the flexibility and options for both employees and employers. These interventions measures by the government are aimed at spurring economic growth as well improve global competitiveness.The retail industry is a good place to begin owing that it is the major employer in Australia. Today, there has been slight dependence on awards by industrial tribunals that were used to negotiate and determine the environment as well as compensation and benefits for employees within the traditional work place relations systems. The management, has been empowered further by these new reforms since all matters and disputes that regard work place relations are first to be dealt with between the employees and employers before any further form of remedial action can be taken.The work place relations act of 1996 has ensured that the alias award system by industrial tribunals has a minimum role of determining minimum wages instead of its initial role of determination and prescription of employees wages, and conditions allowed by their employers. decentralise agreement mean that negotiations are done between employers and employees or between employers and employees organizations (unions) and thirdly, between the management and government institutions. Employees have the option of requesting for a bargaining agent.The retail workers are also vulnerable to different forms of injustices. The door-to- door reforms in work place relations follow the introduction of work choices legislation in 2005 (Catanzariti, J. Baragwanath, M. 1997). Some of the changes touch on work place health and safety application, new dismissal provision, and new transmittal of laid down regulations, buying and selling of businesses, union restriction and the scrapping of no disadvantage test among other changes (Creighton, B. Stewart, A. 1994).All these reforms have the effect of giving more responsibility to the management in this matter of employment relations than ever before. Employer obligations are made known to all in the varied business situations. The reforms have also resulted in employees enjoying more freedom and job securities because employers are required to take great care when effecting a dismissal since employees can now claim compensation against unlawful dismissal or discrimination. These laws are applied widely to even small businesses with less than hundred employees.These small businesses are mostly consisting of retail businesses. The importance of management in employment relation cannot be over emphasized. This is highlighted by the fact that the management as a key stake holder is charged with the responsibility of coordinating all the relations between labor unions and labor laws. This is done with the sole aim of improving the feeling of produce as well as achievement of organizational goals. It has to be noted here that the management is responsible to the business owners and stakeholders if there is a slackening in productivity or if profitability decreases.Therefore, the management is under force per unit area to ensure that there is a conducive working environment as well as quality working life for its employees in order to make it possible for success to be achieved. In the retail industry, the management of these businesses is subjected to the obligation of comprehending the laid down guidelines regarding employment relations. Conclusion. It is evident from these discussions that the management is at the centre of all matters relating to employment relations.The management roles as key stakeholder in organizational structure ensures that the management has not save understand the broader concepts of employers obligations to the employees but also forge a working relationship with the labor unions while ensuring that all the legal regulations are adhered to. Since the last decade several reforms in the area of employment relations have been undertaken and they have served to empower the management and to increase its responsibilities towards its employees and towards ensuring that laws are followed to the letter.These increased responsibilities have helped to streamline the work place environment especially in the retail industry which had been earlier characterized by inconsistencies and to great extent injustices towards employees. The management is now required to be extra vigilant to ensure that employment relation s systems in a particular organization are such that they serve to improve productivity and to ensure that the company utilizes all their human resources for the achievement of corporate objective.

Marriott Corporation” the Cost of Capital Essay Example for Free

Marriott Corporation the Cost of Capital EssayWhat is the weighted intermediate cost of capital for the Marriott Corporation and cost of capital for each of its sh bes? What risk-free rate and risk subvention did you use to calculate the cost of equity? How did you measure the cost of debt? How did you measure the beta for each share?SolutionWhat risk-free rate and risk amplitude did you use to calculate the cost of equity? risk-free rate proxyThe risk-free rate is determined using the yields of U. S. Treasury securities, which are risk-free from scorn risk. U.S. Treasuries are subject to participation rate risk, therefore, the selected maturity should correspond to an investing horizon1. Investment horizon fit in to the cost-of-capital calculation methodology used by Marriott Corporation, lodging family was treated as long-term, while eating house and contract run divisions were treated as short-term because those assets had shorter useful lives. Expected return prox yarithmetical modal(a) return is more suitable than geometric mean as it is better in estimating an investments expected return over a future horizon base on its gone performance (geometric mean is a better description of long-term historical performance of an investment). Risk-free interest rateTaking into account the above, arithmetic average annual returns of long-term U.S. authorities bonds for the period 1951-1987 (4.88%, acquire Appendix 1) isconsidered to be risk-free rate for lodging division. Arithmetic average annual returns of short-term U.S. government bonds for year 1987 (5.46%, see Case Exhibit 4) is considered to be risk-free rate for restaurant and contract services divisions. Market proxySP 500 indicant is selected as a market proxy as it is believed to be close to the true market portfolio. As it is important to use historical returns for the same market index used to calculate beta (which is habituated), an assumption is made that the tending(p) leverage d ata is calculated based on the same SP 500 index. Market risk premiumMarket risk premium should be calculated for the same horizon as that used for the risk-free interest rate. Thus a circle between SP 500 composite returns and long-term U.S. government bond returns for the period 1951-1987 (7.88%, see Appendix 2) is a market risk premium for lodging division. A spread between SP 500 composite returns and short-term U.S. government bond returns for year 1987 (-0.23%, see Case Exhibit 5) is a market risk premium for restaurant and contract services divisions.How did you measure the cost of debt?Marriott Corporation and each division are attached market value-target leverage ratios and credit spreads as well as U.S. government interest rates as of April 1988 (see Case Tables A and B). According to investment horizons discussed above, the following cost of debt is estimatedHow did you measure the beta for each division?Ideally, when estimating beta by using past returns, time interva l should be consistent with an investment horizon. Betas given in Case Exhibit 3 are estimated over 1986-1987 period. As these are the only betas given, they are assumed to be relevant for both long-term and short-term investment horizons.Equity betas of each division are calculated from same hotel and restaurant companies. Equity betas are then unlevered taking into account support structure of each company according to the following formulapic, where Tax = 40%An average of unlevered betas of comparable companies is assumed to be a proxy for unlevered betas of Marriott divisions. For calculations of unlevered betas for each division see Appendix 4.What is the weighted average cost of capital for the Marriott Corporation and cost of capital for each of its divisions?WACC is calculated according to the formula given in the case taking into account the tax shield. Cost of equity is calculated according to CAPM model.

Parody Through Counter Examples Essay Example for Free

Parody Through rejoinder Examples EssayCounter examples ar used through out(a) this influence, and is a key role in the hoax of the play. On both male and female sides of the dynamics in the play the first one is right from the start. the streets be abruptly clogged with frantic females banging on tambourines. No urging for an orgy (727) In the Classical period of Athens upperclass wo hands fictive the role of a housewife, where their duties were to either clean up the house or place the slaves of the house to do it for them. It was un assured of for wo manpower to be out in the streets like this period much little at night. The wo hands of Athens formed to weeher to plot against the men to bring them home from the war. As the women were conference to plan against the men, Lysistrata said, Im on fire right down to the bone. Im positively ashamed to be a cleaning ladya member of a sex which cant even live up to male slanders To hear our husbands talk, were sly deceitf ul, al styles plotting, monsters of intrigue(728) this quote makes me laugh, because while she is saying this her and multiple women are plotting a way to get back at the men.This quote plays off the stereotype that a woman is always out to make a mans life miserable in everything they do, hardly this is exactly the thing they are move to do. While the women are out in the streets they continue to show how ridiculous they are when they are kvetch on how much they do for their men. This quote by Kleonike is a prime example, Theyll be here. You know a womans way is hard mainly the way out of the house fuss over hubby, wake the maidservant up, point the baby down, bathe him, feed him (728) Kleonike goes on and on about how much work they save to do, but she mentions that she gets up the maid, which does the work for her. This quote plays of the stereotype that women do a lot of house work, but in the play they have maids so obviously they are not doing too much.Counter examples a re a huge part of the caricature that is within the play, in all of my previous quotes had stereotypes in them, but they all counter themselves. Parodys are still very popular today, for example the movie Space Balls which is a parody of Star Wars. Space Balls makes fun of everything that is taken very seriously in Star Wars, which gives the movie that buffoonery feel a parody comes with.Throughout the play, parody is seen in both the men and the women. The stereotype that men are strong and cowling is presented towards the beginning of the play at the gates of the treasury. Never been confronted with such backtalk. vend allow it. Somebody pick up a log and pulverize that brass. (740) Immediately following this the men are easily silence by nothing more than a bunch of women carrying water. These rough and tough men seen in the previous quote were defeated by nothing more than water. Shivering, the CHORUS OF work force retreats in utter defeat (742)After the mens defeat they ru n away to the Commissioner, and he is sent home backpacking after several attempts to out man Lysistrata. Gross ineptitude. A sorry day for the Force.(745) This also relates to a parody in our modern day times with our own military. I here people repine about so many things our military does and stands for, yet the majority of the people criticizing are too appalled to join the military to begin with. So this manly stereotype applies to modern times as well, men are quick to jump up to fight someone, but do they go through with it just about of time, no.This quick battle also shows how brutal these Athenian women are, when women of the classical age were to only be seen not heard. Women were used as trophies most of the time, to be seen only and never heard. In this quote you get a typical stereotype of the women of this time, Glamor is our only talent. All we can do is sit, primped and painted do up and dressed up, (729). Women were never known to be violent, but in this quick battle with the men and the commissioner we see how brutal these women are, INTO THE FRAY Show them no mercy Push Jostle Shove prognosticate them nasty names Dont be lady like(745) In no way, form, or fashion are these ladies being lady like in this scene, which is another perfect example of parody runs wild throughout this play making it out to be the comedy it was made to be.All of these counter examples play upgrade to my leading argument which is the fact that the women in this play use parody the most through continence by withholding sex. This is the biggest parody of them all. This play revolves around sex, but the whole goal of the womens tactics is to chorus from it. Its easy to see with my following examples that this play uses parody around every turn. The parody in this play does not come without a type of counter example of a stereotype that is either assumed or given throughout the play. In this time frame, women would have never been allowed to do this. If you ca n put your mindset in the classical age of Athens its easy to see how funny and how much parody is actually used.

Intelligence Definition Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Definition EssayEvaluate Spearmans contribution to our understanding of Intelligence. Plan* Introduction definition of recognition, and say what I am going to be talking somewhat * Paragraph one /two outline Spearmans theory * Paragraph triple/four assess how geological formations use Spearmans theory * Paragraph five evaluate strengths and weaknesses compared to Gardners theory * refinement relate back to the questionEssayIntelligence can be defined as the dexterity of individuals to process information to behave effectively within the environment they are in and learn from preceding experiences. (Arnold 2010). Spearman in the 1900s came up with the General Intelligence supposition. Within this essay I am going to evaluate Spearmans theory of world(a) intelligence by looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. Firstly, looking at how Spearmans theory can be applied to organisations, then comparing it with Gardners theory of Multiple Intelli gences.Spearman (1900s) substantial the theory of world-wide intelligence. Spearmans research followed that of Binet, who was commissioned by the school system in France to infract a way to differentiate those students who were uneducable, or severely ment solelyy handicapped, from other students. Binet developed an intelligence screen to do so. This hear consisted of items (questions) that required complex processes of the mnd and examined the comprehensive individual. The success of Binets leaven led to a much greater question what exactly are these tests measuring? The claim was that they were measuring intelligence.This led to debates about what intelligence was. In endeavouring to answer this question, Spearman observed that schoolchildrens grades across seemingly unrelated subjects were substantiatively correlated. He then administered different types of test to many people. A statistical analysis of the results showed that in that location was a positive correlation b etween the tests for any given individual. In other words, if an individual performed well on a test of verbal abilities, then that same person also performed well on another test of a different cognitive ability, such as numerical reasoning. Spearman named this positive correlation g, that is public intelligence. He argued that g was identified by using a large outpouring (number) of tests, that is g was not measured perfectly by any single test.His work led to others trying to piddle tests that would assess this general underlying ability. Spearman was the first researcher to use factor analysis (a statistical test that he developed to identify underlying commonalities, or factors). His theory is sometimes called the Two Factor Theory as he concluded that intelligence consisted of two factors. The first of these he called the g factor, that is general intelligence that influenced all round performance. The second of these he called the s factor, for specific abilities, which he used to account for differences between scores on different tasks, including test-specific factors such as the impact of light, temperature, the time of day that the test was given. Spearmans major(ip) contribution lies in his desires about general intelligence, particularly the idea that general intelligence influences all round performance.Spearmans ideas about general intelligence continue to influence the development of cognitive examen today. And it is in the area of exam that organisations most benefit from Spearmans work. Specifically, the idea that there is one general intelligence influences much of the testing in excerption processes within organisations.For example, many organisations use cognitive testing (verbal and numerical critical reasoning) at early stages in their selection process to filter out those candidates that do not perform at the level required. Following Spearmans theory more thoroughly could project that organisations might be justified in basing their selection activities entirely on a measure of general intelligence. However, this would lack credibility, or face validity, for the candidates, and for many managers. Indeed, some would argue strongly that there are more particular skills that they want candidates to demonstrate that are more directly relevant to the particular job.A major weakness of Spearmans general intelligence theory is that it can be misunderstood, leading for example to the idea that if an individual is good at one aspect of work they must be good at another aspect. For example, a computer programmer may be very good at their job, provided when they are asked to write a report they may feel way out of their comfort partition and will perform badly. However, Spearman is not argument about ability to perform a task.Rather, he is arguing that general intelligence explains a persons ability across a range of cognitive tests. At this point, there is value in contrasting Gardners (1980s) theory of Multipl e Intelligences, which could give us a better understanding of intelligence. Gardner disagreed with Spearmans general intelligence theory (Mullins, 2010). Instead, he thought that there are many types of intelligence and if an individual excels in one topic, it doesnt mean they excel at everything. Theses intelligences included Musical, Numeracy, Literacy, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Linguistic. Gardner found, therefore, that individuals can be intelligent in different areas. It might be argued that the value for an organisation would be a test that identified the particular kind of intelligence that each individual has.In conclusion Spearmans theory of general intelligence has had a significant influence on how selection testing is designed and carried out within organisations. The desire to predict performance before hiring a new(a) employee favours the idea that there is one general intelligence that can be assessed by a battery of cognitive tests. However, new theories suc h as Gardners Multiple Intelligences theory (1980s) and Golemans Emotional Intelligence, challenge such a perspective.

Personal Identity - Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Personal Identity philosophical system EssayIt is easy to see oneself as the same person we were ten, twenty, or fifty years ago. We flock define individuality through and through our physiological presence, life experiences, memories, and psychical awareness of self. One washbowl depict our persistence as a person through our existence as a person. But what pull aheads us the same person? In this paper, I give argue for the simple control of the persistence of individualism that it is impossible to determine what single thing that makes us the same person over time. I will support my claim with the refutation of the main complex view claims of the body, brain and psychological continuity criterion. intrench in the simple view is the idea that personal individualism, and the persistence of personal identity, cannot be measured through philosophical discourse or scientific investigation. There are a number of opposing production lines, cognize as complex theorie s of personal identity. In each of these arguments, the central claim is that either the body, the brain, or the psychological continuity of an individual determines how they persist as the same person (Garrett, 1998, p 52). To call them complex is a misnomer for each is far too narrow to properly define and explain personal identity.Complex argument 1 Psychological continuity John Locke defines a person as a thinking, intelligent being, that has reasonableness and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places (Locke, 1689, p 1-6). This statement suggests that, in order to persist as the same person, we must set about a mental consciousness which persists through time. We can say that a person is psychologically continuous if they have a mental state that is descendent from their introductory mental states.For example, this theory states that a five-year-old will be the same person when they are a 25-year-old, because their mental state in later years is descendent from their preceding years. Counter argument By its very nature, the idea of psychological continuity is flawed. It is not uncommon for an individuals mental state to be changed so drastically that they could not truly be considered the same person. Several examples have been made by Waller sufferers of cognitive impairments such as dementia, people who have gone through nerve-racking or traumatic situations, and war eterans that are affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (Waller, 2011, p 198-210).In any of these cases, it would be difficult to argue that the individual has a continuous mental state more than accurate would be to describe them as a snap or break that, effectively, creates a upstart person. The only conclusion is that these individuals do not persist, as their psychological states become radically different from their previous psychological states. Complex argument 2 pains of the body Another expression of the compl ex view is the body criterion.Put simply, a person is said to persist if they exist in the same physical body over time. In this case, the previously mentioned dementia or PTSD sufferers would be considered the same people, as their physical body has continued. The theory suggests a brute physical relation among body and identity (Korfmacher, 2006). Without regard for mental state, an individual is considered to have a persistent personal identity as desire as their body survives. Counter argument This theory lends itself easily to thought experiments, and they quickly expose whatever problems.If individual A receives an organ donation from individual B, can it be said that individual A has taken some of Bs identity? Surely not. It would be absurd to suggest that having the kidney or colored of another person would affect ones persistence as an individual. Similarly, if individual C had their body cloned, it would not make their clone the same person. There is much more to perso nal identity than can be delineate by something so comparatively insignificant as the physical body. Complex argument 3 Persistence of the brainThe brain is the functional centre of the human body the place where memories are stored, feelings are felt, and environmental signals are processed. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the brain is so often considered to be the home of personal identity. This theory is a fasten of many science fiction texts as a convention, the cognizant brain in a seismic disturbance or brain transplant recipient is fairly common. Proponents of this we are our brains theory claim that, so long as the brain persists, so does the person. Counter argumentThis theory seems to refer to consciousness rather than the animalism of the brain, so it is important to make a clarification between the two. Julian Baggini suggests that we should view the relationship between consciousness and identity similarly to the relationship between a musical score and the p aper it is pen on (Baggini, 2005, pp. 112-114). In other words, the brain is simply a storage space for our memories, thoughts, and self-awareness. Should it not, therefore, be so that an individual could simply persist as a brain in a jar, provided they could be prolong in that state?If the entirety of personal identity is stored in the brain, there must be no need for the rest of the body beyond keeping the brain alive. Such a theory could not possibly be true life experiences and interactions with the world are such an intrinsic part of identity that we could not persist without them. The theory that consciousness plays a significant role in the persistence of personal identity is appealing, but it can not be said that the brain alone could sustain consciousness. closureTo call the simple view of the persistence of personal identity simple is almost deceptive dusky consideration on the subject quickly turns towards the complex. It is easy to grasp at the categories of body, b rain, and mental state, but it would be wrong to say that the persistence of any of those equates to the persistence of an individual. Personal identity is something so much harder to define, and it is harder quieten to find definitive measures of its continuation. Personal identity is evasive, and fleeting it is intangible, ever-changing. Its persistence is so much more than can be determined.

The New Headway Intermediate Book Evaluation English Language Essay

The New headroom Intermediate Book paygrade English Language EssayThe purpose of the second break open of this essay is to evaluate New Headway intermediate students concur, hotshot of the seam books habituated at many an(prenominal) of the foreign phrase institutes around the world. The rating testament be based on an external and an internal paygrade of the book. The external evaluation ordain give us a brief overview of the materials from the outside ( as well as known as factual information) and the internal evaluation will give us a closer and to a greater extent detailed look at Units 1 and 2.The new(a) headway course book is meant to be suitable for adults undertaking a general English course. It is the third edition, which means that the book is very popular and published many times.Liz and John Soars argon the authors of this book. in that location is a none at the back of the book which states Liz and John Soares are internationally renowned authors and ex ceedingly experienced teachers and teacher trainers. This statement indicates that the authors are recognised in an international basis.The publisher is the oxford university press A widely known publisher which has published thousands of books. There is a website link in the front and in the back of the book which you undersurface access it online. The one link contains exercises you gutter do online and the other one has diametrical English Books it has published so far.This single course book be 22.00, without the supplementary materials. If you inadequacy to buy the all package, you contrive to buy each material individually. However, the whole package includes class CDS/cassettes, a run forbook (with or without key), the students establishbook CD/cassette and a DVD/Video with students activity book. There is also a teachers book in print and locally available. Thus, the student edition will not be difficult to hit with. However, if you go online at Amazon, you will se e that if you want to buy together the teachers book, the workbook and the class audio cds, costs 68. It is very expensive for mostone who stubnot afford it economically and he will be dissuaded from selecting it. In my judgment I would not buy the single book for only 22 pounds as I would unquestionably need a workbook for supplementary exercises. However, it is not included in the package and it costs 12.50. Also the course book does not provide any audio material in the back as many do. I think that it is essential to provide this extra material in order to use the school text more successfully in self-time study.The front cover is colourful with nice interprets, but in my effect it is not very inspiring and attractive for learners. If you would top off the title I will take it as a science or a maths book.When opening the contents page, language is presented and nonionized into teachable wholes. The contents page illustrates the general organisation of the material, whi ch is based on topics. Under each whole at that place is an established topic. Meanwhile, the importance of form is also made obvious by the prominent view of grammar in the second column. It is now exculpated that the content is sequenced on the basis of the grammar complexity. It starts from a more fair grammar form and and so progress to a more complex grammar form.The contents are divided loosely into language input and skills tuition. Under language input thither is grammar, vocabulary and everyday English. Under skills development on that point is variation, speaking, advertening and writing.We can now continue to the next stage of the evaluation by playing a more deep investigation into the materials. I am going to examine Unit 1 and 2 in order to perform an effective internal inspection of the materials. some(prenominal) units start with a presentation of the grammar which will be the focus of the unit and provides an engaging start. Looking the units as a whole a ll the language skills including grammar, vocabulary, reading, listen and speaking are all covered.Usually after the test your grammar part which engages you into the main focus of the units, there is a text. It is good that the unit starts with this way because it is helping them to remember social occasion they have done previously but also is going to introduce them of what grammar is going to follow.In unit 1 the grammar is very simple. It starts with auxiliary verbs, naming the tenses, questions and negatives, and mindless settles. Tenses and auxiliary verbs are integrated into a test which they have to complete and then listen to it in order to arrest their answers. Then there is the grammar postal service and then there is a habituate theatrical role where they have to practice negatives and pronunciation. Then follows some exercises on short answers where they have to notice differences between the two conversations. This is followed again by a grammar spot and then a practice activity based on short answers. It is obvious that it gives more emphasis on grammar. However, then follows an information gap speaking activity. In the next page follows a reading and a speaking activity where the students have to read a passage on the wonders of the modern world and answer some questions based on the text and then discuss some other questions. Further wipe out there is a freer auditory modality and speaking branch which consists of auditory modality about wonders of the modern world and a discussion based on inventions. Then, follows a vocabulary atom with different exercises based on what it is new in a word. This part includes some spelling and pronunciation exercises. Additionally there is a advert to page 159 where you can find all the phonetic symbols. At the end of the vocabulary section there is a writing exercise in page 103 based on correcting mistakes and finally there is the section every day English where students practice social expr essions through exercises.Unit 2 starts with a short Test your grammar exercise which is to guide students into the focus of the unit and provide an engaging start. Following this is a picture presentation of different people having fun and here students have to talk about what makes them happy. Then there is a textual representation incorporating pictures and a written text on the theme of what makes people happy, which dialogue about Sidney fisk and below some comprehension questions focusing on conceptual aspects of the target language. The target language has been embedded in the written text .The object is that learners are given some exercises where they have to prospect to practice how the present tense is apply and why. These rules are reinforced in a grammar spot section under the passage and in the grammar reference in the back of the book where learners can look for help. This is followed by a listening and speaking controlled practice activities, the first two focusin g on present tenses. Both of these exercises use information and examples from the presentation of grammar. Then students listen and read a conversation which is based on simple or continuous and they have to practice similar conversations with the one they have listened to including different jobs. This is followed by grammar practice activities, where in the first one they have to indicate whether the sentences are correct or not and in the second to complete the sentences with present simple or present continuous. Then, the reading and speaking section is about I am a clown doctor. The unit here includes some pre-reading activities mainly questions which are said to motivate learners. Then learners have to read the text and answer some questions. Following this is a grammar spot exercise which focuses on present passive. Students have to complete sentences from the text and then if they want they can go and see the rules on how and when to use present passive on the grammar refe rence part. Some more exercises follow. The one is related to the text and in the other one you have to format some questions in order to complete the interview. Then there is an activity where students have to discuss some questions in groups. Exercises on vocabulary and listening are in the next page, based on sports. There are pictures of different people doing different sports and a warm-up activity in which learners have to make a list of as many sports and leisure activities they can think of. They can use the pictures for help. When they finish, there is an exercise where they have to match some sports with the verbs do, play or go. Then follows an activity in which they have to complete a chart using activities from the list they have made before. Meanwhile they have the opportunity to use a dictionary to look up any words they need. Then they listen to different people talking about a sport activity they enjoy and take notes. In a freer activity they can ask their partners some questions based on sports. For writing they have to write letters and emails. The unit finishes by everyday English which is based on numbers. They will learn about money, fractions, decimals and percentages, dates and phone numbers. Then they will listen to some conversation and write the numbers they hear.In my opinion it would take me 18-20 hours to teach both(prenominal) units in this course book.New Headway Intermediate is attractively laid out, with glossy pages and plenty use of colour and photographs which inspires the student. The strong visual element is likely to attract students. However, the cover does not really instigate you of an English book, but the inside is different. I think that the new headway intermediate book is substantially organised into units and sub-sections and it is easy to follow. There are headings or labels for each section and exercises and activities are always introduced with clear instructions. The book clearly arranges the contents, an d cross references indicate where learners can find further grammatical information, typescripts, pair work activities, irregular verbs, verb patterns and phonetic symbols in the back. Still, it does not include any revision or recycling sections and this is a disadvantage because students will not have the opportunity for self study in order to check the skills they have learnt. I would provide them with some revision activities with every 2 or 3 units so that they will do revisions and refresh their skills. However, I find the way that the materials are sequenced logical, because intermediate learners need to work their grammar. Some people may find this as a limitation but I moot that it is a good for intermediate learners that the content is based on the complexity of grammar. Moreover, there is a vary mix of activities, like grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, and functional English, but it lacks on pronunciation activities. Even if it provid es phonetic symbols in the back of the book it does not include material for pronunciation work, and it is essential for this level of students to practice their pronunciation. The material for vocabulary is adequate in terms of quantity and rangeIt offers a good rest of work on all skills and they are adequately covered .Also, there are some points where there are materials for integrated skills. I think that there are not enough activities associated to the text in each unit. In unit 1 and 2, they have to read the passage and then answer some comprehension questions. There are not exercises or suitable texts that will help students to improve their reading skills (scanning, skimming, intensive reading, and extensive reading). As homework I would give students extra reading exercises to do in order to practice their reading skills. The other skill that lacks in practice in the unit is the listening skill. I believe that again the book does not provide learners the opportunity to e xpand and practice their listening skills. The exercises provided for listening does not help students to expand their listening skills, and thus I would give them different listening activities to do within a lessons in order to practice their listening. Grammar, writing and vocabulary are soundly covered. Speaking activities can equip them for real-life conversations.The topics are motivating for the adult learners and suitable for their language level. It covers a mannikin of interests and it gives them the opportunity to expand their awareness on some topics and enrich their experiences. Other groups of people are also presented in the topics.On the whole, New Headway Intermediate course book is perceived as a well designed and a well written book which supports English language learning. It is also used in many schools which teach English as a foreign language. It is suitable for learners, and regarding the disadvantages mentioned above they can become overcome through supple mentary activities..